Name: Mahurni
Class : V B Ekstensi
NIM : E1D 108 020
Task : Mid-Term Syntax
Question:
- What are the importances of basic construction?
- What sorts of suffixes are used in the transitivition of Indonesian one place verbs?
- Using Hanafi’s syntactic test, find some Indonesian accusative and unergative.
- Identify some grammatical relation in the abnormal promotion.
- Explain the process of oblique promotion to S.
Answer:
1. The Important of basic contraction are:
a. To emphasize the role of meaning in a language, the meaning of the lexical items and grammatical items.
b. To know the basic unit of the language, and therefore the construction should be the central to all linguistic description and theories of language.
c. To know the form of meaning or a function connected with that form; thus the meaning in form is meaning pair.
d. To know the identification of subject or object of sentences.
2. Sorts of suffixes in the transitivitation of Indonesian are:
a. Suffixes of –
Function as imperative to form a transitive verb. Example: Bungkukkan, Acungkan.
Function to form a meaning “to do something” if it is combined with verb. Example: Ambilkan, Mandikan, etc.
If it is combined with adjective, functioning meaning as “ membuat jadi”. Example: Damaikan.
Function to form “meaning” if it is combined with a noun. Example: Gudangkan, Sabukkan, etc.
b. Suffixes of – i
The function of i is to form imperative verb, example: duduki, terangi, and to form transitive verb, mean to make it. Example: tulisi.
3. Hanafi’s syntactic test in Indonesian unaccusative and unergative are:
a. Unaccusative:
Mahurni memakan kacang
Agent Pred O
Kacang dimakan = Unaccusative
Ayu nina meloloskan ibu tirinya.
S Pred O
Ibu tirinya lolos = Unaccusative
Budi menghilangkan bajunya.
S Pred O
Baju Hilang = Unaccusative
b. Unergative:
Bapak mengelilingi Eropa
S Pred O
Keliling Eropa= Unergative
Abdurrahim mengendarai mobil
S Pred O
Kendaraan mobil = Unreagative
4. Some grammatical relations in the abnormal promotions. We find some grammatical relation, they are:
Grammatical Relations
• Subject
– Sam ate a sandwich.
– A sandwich was eaten by Sam.
• Direct object
– Sam ate a sandwich.
– Sue gave Sam a book.
– Sue gave a book to Sam.
• Others that we will define later
Grammatical Relations in Grammar Formalisms
• Tree Adjoining Grammar:
– Subject is defined structurally: first NP daughter under S
– Object is defined structurally: NP that is a sister to V
– But TAG output can be mapped to a dependency grammar tree that includes subject and object.
• Categorial Grammar:
– Grammatical relations are defined structurally if at all.
• Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar:
– Subject is defined indirectly as the first element on the verb’s subcategorization list.
• Lexical Functional Grammar:
– Grammatical relations are labelled explicitly in a feature structure.
Motivation for Grammatical Relations: Subject-Verb Agreement
– Sam likes sandwiches.
– *Sam like sandwiches.
– The boys like sandwiches.
– *The boys likes sandwiches.
• Hypothesis 1: The verb agrees with the agent.
• Hypothesis 2: The verb agrees with the first NP.
• Hypothesis 3: The verb agrees with the NP that is a sister of VP.
• Hypothesis 4: The verb agrees with the subject.
– Vacuous unless we have a definition or test for subjecthood.
Checking the hypotheses
• Hypothesis 1:
– Can you think of a counterexample in English?
• Hypothesis 2:
– Can you think of a counterexample in English?
– Can you think of a counterexample in another language that has subject-verb agreeement?
• (not Japanese or Chinese
Some Definitions
• Case marking: different word form depending on the grammatical relation:
– She ate a sandwich. (nominative case marking: subject)
– *Her ate a sandwich.
– Sam saw her. (accusative or objective case marking: object)
– *Sam saw she.
• Ergative case marking:
– Marks the subject, but only if the verb is transitive (has a direct object).
• Absolutive case marking:
– Marks the subject, but only if the verb is intransitive.
– Also marks the direct object.
• English has nominative and accusative case markers on pronouns.
• English does not have ergative or absolutive case marking.
Possible word orders in Warlpiri that are not possible in English
• *The two small are chasing that children dog.
• *The two small are dog chasing that children.
• *Chasing are the two small that dog children.
• *That are children chasing the two small dog.
In addition, according to (Hanafi, Nurachman, 2010, Grammatical relation in abnormal promotion), they are:
Intransitive
In intransitive, S will be changed to be O and oblique change as a Subject (S). to make it clear, we can see the example below:
a. Rudi bangkrut karena kebakaran.
The sentence above is one of cause-effect sentence because the sentence is marked by ‘karena’, so the will be ‘Kebakaran merugikan Rudi’ this is because by deleting ‘karena’ and add circumfix ‘me-kan’ to change S as O and Obl. as S.
- Transitive
In transitive, S will be changed to be DO and oblique become a Subject (S), for example:
a. Sanusi menggantung hidup ke anaknya
S V O Obl:source
b. Sanusi mengantungi hidunya ke Anakanyt.
S act. Appl DO IO
- The process of oblique promotion to S are:
Before explaining regarding to the process of oblique promotion to S, we need to comprehend to the examples below:
- Lilik menjajak dagangannya ke pasar
S V1 O Obl: dest
- Lilik menjajak-i dagangan pasar
S ACT.visit-APPL O
- Pasar tempat lilik jajaki dagangan
S pass apl
From the example above, we know the process of oblique promotion S, they are:
a. By adding circumfix “me-i” and delete preposition/ Obl. (ke, dari, dengan, dll)
b. Move the previous S to be O and the word ‘menjajaki’ changed to be ‘dijajaki’ in passive form.
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